Oct 4, 2017…….Dr. Jeremiah McClure has recommended another article.
Check out this article about the ideal diet…..
Dr. McClure notes “the diet you stick with is the diet that works”…..
The text of the article is here:
Diabetes with obesity—Is there an ideal diet?
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2017 July;84(suppl 1):S4-S14
Author(s): Zahrae Sandouk, MD M. Cecilia Lansang, MD, MPH
For individuals who are overweight or obese, weight loss is effective in preventing and improving the management of type 2 diabetes. Together with other lifestyle factors like exercise and behavior modification, diet plays a central role in achieving weight loss. Diets vary based on the type and amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein consumed to meet daily caloric intake goals. A number of popular diets are reviewed as well as studies evaluating the effect of various diets on weight loss, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Current trends favor the low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index, Mediterranean, and very-low-calorie diets. However, no optimal dietary strategy exists for patients with obesity and diabetes, and more research is needed. Given the wide range of dietary choices, the best diet is one that achieves the best adherence based on the patient’s dietary preferences, energy needs, and health status.
KEY POINTS
* Weight loss in individuals who are obese has been shown to be effective in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
* Diets vary based on the type and amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein consumed to meet daily caloric intake goals.
* Diets of equal caloric intake result in similar weight loss and glucose control regardless of the macronutrient content.
* The metabolic status of the patient based on lipid profiles and renal and liver function is the main determinant for the macronutient composition of the diet.
According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, more than one-third of adults in the United States are obese and more than two-thirds of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are obese.
In light of overall increased life expectancy, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that adults in the United States have a 40% lifetime risk of developing diabetes, as diabetes and obesity remain at epidemic levels.
Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese is effective in preventing type 2 DM and improving management of the disease.3,4 Dietary changes play a central role in achieving weight loss, as do other important lifestyle interventions such as exercise, behavior modification, and pharmacotherapy. Achieving glycemic goals with diet alone is difficult, and for patients with DM who are also obese, it may be even more challenging.
Medical nutrition therapy, a term coined by the American Dietetic Association, describes an approach to treating medical conditions using specific diets monitored by registered dietitian. The diet can result in beneficial outcomes and is a front-line approach for patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Medical nutrition therapy for patients with type 2 DM is most effective when used within 1 year of diagnosis and is associated with a 0.5% to 2% decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Several diets are presented including what is known about their effect on weight loss, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk prevention in patients with diabetes and obesity.
WEIGHT LOSS AND DIET FOR PATIENTS WITH OBESITY AND DIABETES
A person is overweight or obese if he or she weighs more than the ideal weight for their height as calculated by the body mass index (BMI; weight in kg/height in meters squared). A BMI of 25 to 30 is overweight and a BMI of 30 or greater is obese.7 The recommended daily caloric intake for adults is based on sex, age, and daily activity level and ranges from 1,600 to 2,000 calories per day for women and 2,000 to 2,600 calories per day for men. The lower end of the range is for sedentary adults, and the higher end is for active adults (walking 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to independent living).
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), weight loss requires reducing dietary intake by 500 to 750 calories per day, or roughly 1,200 to 1,500 kcal/day for women and 1,500 to 1,800 kcal/day for men. For patients with obesity and type 2 DM, sustained, modest weight loss of 5% of initial body weight improves glycemic control and reduces the need for diabetes medications. Weight loss of greater than 5% body weight also improves lipid and blood pressure status in patients with obesity and diabetes, though ideally, patients are encouraged to achieve weight reduction of 7% or greater.
Evidence of benefits from lifestyle and dietary modifications
The fact that patients with obesity and type 2 DM have increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well established. Multiple studies considered the effects of weight loss on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Our article focuses on dietary modifications, though most large, multicenter trials used both diet and increased physical activity to achieve weight loss. It is difficult to determine if diet or physical activity had the most effect on outcomes; however, results show that weight loss from dietary and other lifestyle interventions leads to change in outcomes.
Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial.
This large, multicenter, randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of weight loss on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in overweight or obese adults with type 2 DM. The 5,145 participants were assigned either to a long-term weight reduction intensive lifestyle intervention of diet, physical activity, and behavior modification or to usual care of support and education. At 1 year, the lifestyle intervention group had greater weight loss, improved fitness, decreased number of diabetes medications, decreased blood pressure, and improved biomarkers of glucose and lipid control compared with the usual care group.
The mean weight loss for participants in the intensive lifestyle intervention group was 8.6% compared with 0.7% in the support and education group (P < .001). HbA1c decreased by 0.7% in the intervention group compared with 0.1% the support and education group.
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.
This study evaluated lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity in the prevention of type 2 DM in participants with impaired glucose intolerance. Participants (N = 552) were randomly assigned to the control group or the intervention group where detailed instruction was provided to achieve weight loss of greater than 5%.
The dietary goals included fewer than 30% of total calories from fat, with fewer than 10% from saturated fat, increased fiber consumption (15 g per 1,000 kcal), and physical activity of 30 minutes daily.15 During the trial (mean duration of follow-up 3.2 years), the risk of type 2 DM was reduced by 58% in the intervention group compared with the control group.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
•A landmark study by the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group randomized 3,234 participates with elevated plasma glucose levels to placebo, metformin, and lifestyle intervention arms.
•Those in the lifestyle intervention arm were educated about ways to achieve and maintain a 7% or greater reduction in body weight using a low-calorie, low-fat diet and moderate physical activity. Results based on a mean follow-up of 2.8 years found a 58% reduction in the incidence of diabetes for those in the lifestyle intervention arm.
CONCLUSION
•The optimal macronutrient intake for patients with obesity and type 2 DM is unknown.
•Diets with equivalent caloric intakes result in similar weight loss and glucose control regardless of the macronutrient contents. It is important that total caloric intake be appropriate for weight management and glucose control goals.
•Current trends favor the low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic, Mediterranean, and low-caloric intake diets, though there is no evidence that one is best for weight loss and optimal glycemic control in patients with obesity and type 2 DM.
•Studies are limited by varying definitions, high dropout rates, and poor adherence.
•In addition, for many patients, weight regain often follows successful short-term weight loss, indicative of a low durability of results with many diet interventions.
Medical nutrition therapy and a multidisciplinary lifestyle approach remain essential components in managing weight and type 2 DM.
•The ideal diet is one that achieves the best adherence when tailored to a patient’s preferences, energy needs, and health status.
Please contact the MCC office with questions at 478-273-2262.
